Study Materials

 Summary: Contributions of Ancient India around 5th century: Concept of zero, differential calculus, texts on morphology, physiology and germination process of plants, and system of nomenclature. But the invasion of Mughals, the Portuguese, the Dutch, the French and the British prevented the growth of science. At the present A member of nuclear club, space club and Antarctica exploration club. World's third largest pool of trained technologies just after USA and Soviet Union. Sushruta Born in sixth century B.C. Sushruta was descendent of Vishwamitra. He learnt surgery from Dhanwantari. Known as father of plastic surgery all over the world. His book "Sushrut Samhita" is relevant even today. Sushrut-Smahita In eighth century the book was translated into Arabic as Kitab-Shaw-Shoon a Hindi and Kitab-i-Susrud. He was first physician to advocate caesarian operation. He was an expert in removing urinary stones, treating fractures and eye operation for cataract. Several centuri...

  Where the Mind is without Fear Where the mind is without fear and the head is held high; Where knowledge is free; Where the world has not been broken up into fragments by narrow domestic walls; Where words come out from the depth of truth; Where tireless stirving stretches it's arms towards perfection; Where the clear stream of reason has not lost its way into the dreary desert sand of dead habit; Where the mind is led forward by thee into ever- widening though and action; Into that heaven of freedom, my father let my country awake Rabindranath-Tagore Summary: “Where The Mind Is Without Fear” is a pre-independent poem in which the poet sincerely urges to God to awake his fellow beings for the realization that the essential need to live in a free and united country. He wants his countrymen to awake and enjoy the life of full dignity and honour. His countrymen would not be superstitious or believers of blind faith rather than they would lead the life of enlightened and educated. He...

  Summary: The understanding of Indian Art be its sculpture, painting on dancing etc. is difficult without understanding its history. Many event took place in history which have left their indelible impression on it. India's past has been a long one. many tribes and races like Aryans, Parthians, Sakas, Kushans and Mangols came to India and made this land their home. They brought with them their indigenous culture. Indian art is associated with the daily life of the people. Beautiful rangoli designs, variegated pots, lamps, garlands, sarees, ornaments, dance, festivals, temples etc. bring art close to the daily life. Indian art is truly national on its widest and deepest sense. It is never individual accomplishment and personal idiosyncrasies. The architect of Ajanta, Bagh, Stitavansal and Kanchipuram, the architect of image of Buddha and dancing figure of Nataraj, who made the superb masterpieces of temples are still unknown to us. These questions though very important are meaningl...

  Summary: Hindu civilization will always retain its continuity. Bhagwat Geeta will always inspire the man of action and Upnishad the man of thought. The quite and gentle happiness which is there in Indian way of like unlike the hectic life of the West increases its charm and graciousness. Much that was useless in Indian culture like animal sacrifice, child marriage, sati system, untouchability etc. are vanishing. The whole face of India altering only the cultural traditions and continues. The whole South East Asia received most of its culture from India. Early in 5th century B.C. colonists from western India visited Ceylon and gradually settled there. Because of deep influence of Indian culture in South East Asia. Indian historians proudly called this area as greater India. Indian colonies were not like British Colonies, they were peaceful. Except the legendary Aryan king Vijaya there is no other evidence that any Indian king conquered any foreign land with sword. Northwards there...

  Wonders of Science, or Advantage and Disadvantage of Science "Today our life is fully governed and conditioned by science."    -Nehru Introduction-   We live in this present age of science and science has created many wonders. Science has made us very powerful. Now we can fly like bird in the sky, we can swim like fish in the water, now we can land on the hard surface of the moon. Science has made us the master of three worlds land, water and air. wonders-of-science-essay Today the finding of science are helping us in every walk of life, some of them- Gift of Transport-   Now days we have faster means of travelling science has conquered distance. We can travel to any part of the world in no time steam ships, airplanes, trains, cars and many other vehicles have made it possible to travel over long distance during a short time. Means of Communication-  Science has given us wonderful means of communication. It has given us telegraph, wireless radio, land pho...

  HINDU TRINITY hindu-trinity-brahma-vishnu-mahesh Hindu Trinity or Trimurti is a concept in Hinduism which consists of three gods namely  Brahma ,  Vishnu  and  Shiva  or  Mahesh .   In this trinity the cosmic function of creation, maintenance and destruction are personified by the forms of Brahma, the creator, Vishnu. the maintainer or preserver and Shiva, the destroyer. These three Gods represents three highest manifestations of the one ultimate reality. Each God in the Trinity has his wife; to Brahma is  Saraswati , the goddess of knowledge. For Vishnu is  Laxmi , the goddess of wealth; for Shiva is  Kali (Parvati) , the goddess of power and destruction. The first one  Brahma  is considered as the mystical  creator . He is the particular energy of evolution. Many Hindus believe that all other Gods originate from Brahma. Like other Gods he sits upon lotus throne. His four faces stands for four corners of the univer...

   VEDIC LITERATURE vedic-literature-india Vedic literature of India claims to be the oldest texts only after the literatures of Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilization. They are regarded as the oldest literature of Sanskrit and Hinduism. The Sanskrit term Veda means knowledge. They have been written in Sanskrit language. There are four Vedas, the Rig Veda, the Sama Veda, the Yajur Veda and the Atharv Veda. These are four feet on which Hindu civilization stands. Each veda has again been classified in to the Arnyakas, the Brahmans and the Upnishad. The first compilation the  Rig Veda  is the oldest of the four Samhitas or collection. It is a collection of about 1028 Vedic Sanskrit hymns and about 10,000 verses in all. Rig Veda is organized in to 10 books. These books are called  Mandals . The hymns of Rig Veda express peoples reaction to the wonder of existence, the beauty of the earth and power of existence. As the ritualistic religion developed the need for hymn...