Study Materials

                         Dandi Salt March Summary: Gandhiji started Dandi Salt March on March 12, 1930 with 78 members of Ashram. Their identities were published in Young India for the benefit of police. Gandhiji leaned on a lacquered bamboo staff one inch thick and 54 inches long and with an iron tip. They walked 200 miles (390 km) in 24 days. peasants sprinkled the roads and strewed leave on them. From miles around peasants gathered to kneel by roadside as the pilgrims passed. Several times they halted for a meeting where Gandhiji exhorted people to wear khadi, abjure alcohol and drugs, abandon child marriage, keep clean and live purely and break the salt law when the signal came. Dandi-salt-march-1930 Gandhiji had no trouble in walking. Less than twelve miles a day in two stages and not much luggage he said, child's play. Several became fatigued and foot sore and had to ride on bullock carts but...

Summary: History of Indian Independence Britishers came to India as traders. With the downfall of Mughal empire they established political supremacy through wars and diplomacy. This prolonged process started with occupation of Bengal to annexation of Punjab. A revolt against British rule in northern and central India was made which is called as First war of Indian Independence in 1857. Indians began to feel that British Government was ignoring their welfare but the government kept assuring that their welfare was its primary objective. Indeed they would leave the country when the Indians are fit for self-government. Indian National Congress With the emergence of national consciousness after 1857 need for an organization that could safeguard national interests which led the foundation of INC. Indian National Congress was founded in 1885 largely through the efforts made by a retired civil servant A.O. Hume under the presidentship of W.C. Banerjee. Its first session held in Mumbai with 85 ...

Summary: Vedic literature of India claims to be the oldest texts only after the literatures of Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilization. They are regarded as the oldest literature of Sanskrit and Hinduism. The Sanskrit term Veda means knowledge. They have been written in Sanskrit language. There are four Vedas, the Rig Veda, the Sama Veda, the Yajur Veda and the Atharv Veda. These are four feet on which Hindu civilization stands. Each veda has again been classified in to the Arnyakas, the Brahmans and the Upnishad. The first compilation the  Rig Veda  is the oldest of the four Samhitas or collection. It is a collection of about 1028 Vedic Sanskrit hymns and about 10,000 verses in all. Rig Veda is organized in to 10 books. These books are called  Mandals . The hymns of Rig Veda express peoples reaction to the wonder of existence, the beauty of the earth and power of existence. As the ritualistic religion developed the need for hymn which could be sung was felt, this let to t...

Summary: The cultural heritage of India lies in its recognition of inner landscape of man which expresses itself in outer landscape of man comprising myriad petal of louts flower. The diversities are hold together like planets in their orbit. Two examples are given here to understand this unity in diversity. First is of human body. It is made up of different system each inter related and interconnected and in which both physical and spiritual are contained. The second example is of chariot wheel. The centre is still which represents nirvana or moksha. The era between the spokes represent sensory desires, all harnessed at the centre. The Rigveda stated it as "Truth is one but its expressions are many." Know thou the soul as riding in a chariot. The body as the chariot. Know thou the intellect as the chariot driver and the mind as the reins. The senses they say are the horses The object of sense what they range over. The self combined with senses and mind Wise man call it enjoy...

  Where the Mind is without Fear Where the mind is without fear and the head is held high; Where knowledge is free; Where the world has not been broken up into fragments by narrow domestic walls; Where words come out from the depth of truth; Where tireless stirving stretches it's arms towards perfection; Where the clear stream of reason has not lost its way into the dreary desert sand of dead habit; Where the mind is led forward by thee into ever- widening though and action; Into that heaven of freedom, my father let my country awake Rabindranath-Tagore Summary: “Where The Mind Is Without Fear” is a pre-independent poem in which the poet sincerely urges to God to awake his fellow beings for the realization that the essential need to live in a free and united country. He wants his countrymen to awake and enjoy the life of full dignity and honour. His countrymen would not be superstitious or believers of blind faith rather than they would lead the life of enlightened and educated. He...

  Summary: The understanding of Indian Art be its sculpture, painting on dancing etc. is difficult without understanding its history. Many event took place in history which have left their indelible impression on it. India's past has been a long one. many tribes and races like Aryans, Parthians, Sakas, Kushans and Mangols came to India and made this land their home. They brought with them their indigenous culture. Indian art is associated with the daily life of the people. Beautiful rangoli designs, variegated pots, lamps, garlands, sarees, ornaments, dance, festivals, temples etc. bring art close to the daily life. Indian art is truly national on its widest and deepest sense. It is never individual accomplishment and personal idiosyncrasies. The architect of Ajanta, Bagh, Stitavansal and Kanchipuram, the architect of image of Buddha and dancing figure of Nataraj, who made the superb masterpieces of temples are still unknown to us. These questions though very important are meaningl...

  Summary: Hindu civilization will always retain its continuity. Bhagwat Geeta will always inspire the man of action and Upnishad the man of thought. The quite and gentle happiness which is there in Indian way of like unlike the hectic life of the West increases its charm and graciousness. Much that was useless in Indian culture like animal sacrifice, child marriage, sati system, untouchability etc. are vanishing. The whole face of India altering only the cultural traditions and continues. The whole South East Asia received most of its culture from India. Early in 5th century B.C. colonists from western India visited Ceylon and gradually settled there. Because of deep influence of Indian culture in South East Asia. Indian historians proudly called this area as greater India. Indian colonies were not like British Colonies, they were peaceful. Except the legendary Aryan king Vijaya there is no other evidence that any Indian king conquered any foreign land with sword. Northwards there...